A Study With Immense Determination And Motivation For...

I began this mini-study with immense determination and motivation in hearing personal experiences from female superintendents regarding the barriers and challenges they faced along their journeys. Selfishly, I sought to better understand what I may face later down the road, as I personally aspire to be a superintendent one day. Additionally, I have always had a strong interest in challenges that marginalized groups often face. Therefore, it seemed like this topic would be natural fit. During my very first interview, I was quite nervous. Although I had mulled over my questions repeatedly and had practiced my questions with my husband, classmates, and in the mirror, I wanted to sound like a competent researcher who was authentically invested in this process. I did not want to misrepresent myself or the university. I giggled as I listened to the recording of the first interview. I kept saying â€Å"good!† and â€Å"okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  for a conversation filler, occasional ly even when the participant was still talking! During this interview, I quickly realized that my questions were out of order. While I intended to open with â€Å"easier,† less personal questions, I found that stalled deep conversations regarding gender barriers in the profession. Therefore, I abandoned my specific conversation order with the two other participants and let the conversation flow more freely. I believe I was stifling the responses and myself by being too rigid. While that rigidity potentially came out of fearShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acqu isitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. TaylorRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

Character Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral

Character Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasoned judgment others referred to as lack of emotional intelligence. The presentation of the narrator, as a fallible individual, contributes to the development of the theme and plot of the story because, through them, the reader can learn about other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I don’t have any blind friends,† I said. â€Å"You don’t have any friends,† she said.† (Carver 3) The conversation portrays that the narrator lives a secluded and solitary life, and has resorted to seeking to conform through drinking a lot of scotch and smoking marijuana. This point of view is corroborated in Kirk Nesset’s article called â€Å"â€Å"Insularity and Self-Enlargement in Raymond Carver’s ‘Cathedral,† who observes that â€Å"Raymond Carver s fiction is characterized by characters that tend toward insularity and isolation.† (16) The narrator’s solitary life can be attributed to their behavior of profiling and stereotype other people. For instance, he thinks that Beulah, the blind man’s late wife, was a woman of color by her name I didn’t answer. She’d told me a little about the blind man’s wife. Her name was Beulah. Beulah! That’s a name for a colored woman. â€Å"Was his wife a Negro?† I asked. â€Å"Are you crazy?† my wife said. â€Å"Have you just flipped or something?† She picked up a potato. I saw it hit the floor, then roll under the stove. â€Å"What’s wrong with you?† she said. â€Å"Are youShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound luxuries such as color television, this short story is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adults ranging from thirty to forty years old, the 1980’s were possibly a ghostly, hauntingRead MoreMinimalism by Raymond Carver Essay3013 Words   |  13 PagesLiterary Criticism Minimalism by Raymond Carver English 210 P. Fishman Research Paper Literary Criticism on Minimalism by Raymond Carver Raymond Carver was a master of the short story during the mid nineteenth century due to his unique minimalistic style. Carver has his own artistic signature when it comes to writing, he tells his stories usingRead MoreThe parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP†1892 Words   |  8 Pages The parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† Raymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† by John Updike are both short stories, even if in facts they are written during the same century, readers can interpret the changes that occurred to be really different. They both introduce characters that are being victim of stereotype by the protagonists, but somehow these characters made a great change into the protagonists’ view of the world and life itself. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantityRead MoreDo We See The Same Way That We Think?1312 Words   |  6 Pagesknow it. To begin, â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is a true example of how literature not only shares the outer view of humans, but also what is going on in their minds. This story moves along with its powerful theme and variety of characters within it. You cannot simply look at the surface of something to truly understand the full details of it because what you see or think is on the outside, may not be what is on the inside. This is considered to be the main theme of â€Å"Cathedral†. The narrator’s wifeRead More Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay6977 Words   |  28 Pages In quot;The Compartment,quot; one of Raymond Carvers bleakest stories, a man passes through the French countryside in a train, en route to a rendevous with a son he has not seen for many years. quot;Now and then,quot; the narrator says of the man, quot;Meyers saw a farmhouse and its outbuildings, everything surrounded by a wall. He thought this might be a good way to live-in an old house surrounde d by a wallquot; (Cathedral 48). Due to a last minute change of heart, however, Meyers chooses

Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends Free Essays

Natural law has become quite diverse foci for theories concerning human conduct, not only placing diverse requirements on the theorist, but requirements which appear to be at cross purposes. Natural law can be kept for an important, but narrow problem: the enunciation of some basic human goods or needs that any system of positive law should respect, promote, or in any case protect (William Blackstone, 1979). Theorizing concerning natural law and virtue, therefore, can be sharply famed for reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the whole, for the reason of the demise of the older teleological view of nature that allowed theorists like Aquinas to correlate the analogous meanings of law and nature around the matter of natural inclinations. These inclinations, on Aquinas’ view, are the soil for both virtues and the first principle of the natural law. The reason of law as well as the nurturing of the habits takes their bearing from a pre-given teleological order. Aquinas comes as near as he ever comes to a description of law in the claim that ‘Law is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has the care of the community, and promulgated’ (Thomas Aquinas, 1988). This general definition is followed by a peculiarity between the three kinds of law–eternal, natural, and human. Now, it might seem that on its own Aquinas’s categorization as applied to the specific case of human law would produce an essentially positivistic view of human law. We can obviously understand God as having care of the ideal community, and as propagating ordinances of reason for the common good of that community. We can make sense of the thought (even if we reject it) that ‘Nature’ likewise works for the ‘common good’ of only ‘natural’ things, a standard teleological theory of biology might assert something like that. But, it can be said, the obvious way to understand the description in the case of human law is in terms of a ruler, or whoever is designated as lawmaker by the rule of respect, promulgating laws in terms of the lawmaker’s discernment of the good of the community. As Aquinas said, â€Å"Human laws should be proportionate to the common good† (Thomas Aquinas, 1988, Q. 96 A. 1). ‘Nature’ designates not simply the quiddities of things, the formal cause that which makes a thing what it is but more significantly the finality governing completions. Right reason, on the conventional teleological view of natural law, cannot mean simply judgment agreed with natural values, but judgment in accord with what completes these values. As the older teleological theories allowed natural law analysis to play both roles–to expound the goods embedded in human actions as well as their completions-the modern denunciation of teleological thinking guarantees that a natural law principle of recta ratio should restrict itself to discourse concerning natural goods or values (Joel Feinberg, 1986). Natural law theory in its traditional form was entwined with the realist metaphysics of customary natural philosophy. It sought to give a kind of correspondence to the real that would explicate what makes moral sentences true. The idea seemed reasonable so long as natural philosophy conceived of the universe in a moralized, teleological fashion. But while the teleological cosmos gave way to the distant and infinite universe of modern science, scientific and ethical realism leaned to break apart, and ethical theorists disposed toward realism had to work hard at finding something properly real and natural for moral sentences to correspond to. In this context, scientific realists frequently looked upon their ethical counterparts with distrust, and diverse forms of anti-realism were anticipated for ethics. The new plausibility of anti-realism in ethical theory resultant from the sense that the world, as presently understood, was capable to do something for scientific sentences that it was incapable to do for moral sentences that is, make them true. Several theorists decided that something less cosmological, something having to do with human nature or realistic reason or collective inter subjectivity, would have to be substituted for the customary correspondence relation if the idea of moral truth was to be retained. Some of the resultant programmes, called themselves natural law theories, but they were hardly of the traditional kind. Ethical anti-realists including both scientific realists and empiricists–began arguing with one another over whether the idea of moral truth must be redefined or dropped altogether. There arose new forms of ethical pragmatism (such as intuitionism, utilitarianism, and value theory) to start the third side of the triangular debate. Meanwhile, traditional natural law theory became ever more nostalgic in tone and idealistic in performance. It was treated more and more frivolously by the anti-realist opposition as an exemplification of some moderately obvious fallacy and by its realist successors as an appealing relic from a pre-scientific age. It is high time for moral philosophy to reorganize its relation to the philosophy of science. If Fine (an imminent philosopher)and others like him have appropriately diagnosed the debates over fact endemic to the latter, and the recognizable philosophical pictures of science deserve rejection, then those pictures can no longer give out as fixed points of assessment and contrast for the analysis of moral discourse. Doubts of the form, ‘But what could there be for moral sentences to correspond to?’ and ‘What would it be to examine that murder is wrong?’ lose an implication they once had. If philosophers of science follow Fine’s advice and stop asking the issue of what sort of relation to a special something makes a set sentence true, the old reasons for wondering what on earth (or in heaven) could make a moral sentence true will disintegrate. And in their absence, the normal language user’s disposition to say ‘It’s true that murder is wrong’ will seem entirely in order–which is to say, neither metaphysically tainted by philosophical pragmatism nor in require of being taken at something other than face value. The natural ontological attitude is to take science and its feature uses of ‘true’ at face value, without the overlie of philosophical interpretation provided by something grander than evocative anthropology. This attitude promises to fall apart the triangular debate in which natural law theory participates and to reinstate moral discourse to respectability. The threat of adverse contrasts with science disappears–and together with it the rationale for viewing natural law theory as a courtly knight defending the honor of morality against its profligate modern detractors. Indeed, the line of demarcation between science and ethics begins to disappear. Thus the natural ontological attitude is fundamentally at odds with the temperament that looks for explicit boundaries demarcating science from pseudoscience, or that is liable to award the title â€Å"scientific† like a blue ribbon on a prize goat’ (Arthur Fine, 1986). While Fine’s attitude is applied to ethics, it leans not only to restore one’s confidence in moral truth but also to recuperate the thought that moral and scientific truth are inseparably entwined. Not as the teleological cosmos has been reconstituted. One reason is that when we try to abstain from big pictures and instead try to make sense of science in the grained way, it will become not viable to avoid evaluating the human purposes, virtues, communities, and social consequences that form in the stories of scientific endeavors. Another reason is that it once all over again becomes natural to divulge that moral truths depend (though not in the systemic and deductive way natural lawyers have at times claimed) on what the world and human beings are indeed like. If it were not true, for example, that members of our species have a inclination to bleed and experience pain when cut, definite acts that is cruel and ferocious would not be. If firing nuclear missiles caused no more damage than a large grenade, numerous sentences belonging to the ethics of war would change truth values. Counterfactuals like these conserve what is worth saving from the natural law principle of the ordo quem ratio non-facit (Russell Hittinger, 1889). Thus, we can say that natural law jurisprudence routinely lends itself to the teleological approach as it relies considerably on institutional moral reasoning. Moral reasoning is concerning the evaluation and development of existing institutions requires that we recognize the goals the institutions are to serve. Institutions are human creations that must to serve human purposes, and they can be made more effectual in serving those purposes by changes that human beings can make (Martin Dixon Robert McCorquodale, 1986). Though institutions usually are not formed deliberately, once we assume to evaluate them morally we come to consider them as if they were relics designed to achieve certain goals. To the degree that moral reasoning concerning institutions is guided by the goals the institutions in question are to provide, institutional reasoning may be called teleological. For instance, we appraise institutions of criminal justice in part by seeing how well they attain the goal of deterrence. But to say that a goal of the criminal justice system is anticipation is hardly informative unless we know what kind of behavior we are trying to deter. At least for generally liberal theories, the goal of protecting individual rights plays a main role in determining what kind of behavior to try to deter. So underlining that institutional reasoning should be teleological in the sense of being concerned with goals is not contrary with taking rights seriously. Natural law takes rights fatally is therefore teleological in the sense that it regards the protection of rights as placing restrictions on efforts to exploit the achievement of even the most commendable goals (Martin Dixon , 1993). The natural law of an existing or proposed institution needs evaluating the rules that partly comprise the institution (DJ Harris, 1991). These rules set patterns of behavior to be followed by many individuals as they interrelate over time. To find out whether the institution is in fact supporting the achievement of its goals, it is therefore essential to consider both the collective effects of large numbers of people acting on a particular rule and the interactions of the cumulative effects of conformity with the other rules the institution includes. For this reason natural law needs attention to incentives. Certain combination of rules, each of which can seem appropriate when measured in isolation, may create incentives that prevent institutional goals. At a minimum, rules must not be self-defeating in this way. Rules that give incentives that are not only consistent with, but actually promote, behavior that puts in to the attainment of institutional goals are preferable to those that do not, other things being one and the same. References: Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) DJ Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law Fourth Edition, (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1991). Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 87–94 Martin Dixon Robert McCorquodale, Cases and Materials on International Law (4th ed., Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press/Blackstone Press, 2003). Martin Dixon, Textbook on International Law, 2nd ed. (London: Blackstone Press, 1993). Russell Hittinger, â€Å"‘Varieties of Minimalist Natural Law'†, American Journal of Jurisprudence, 34 (1989). Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1979). Thomas Aquinas, On Law, Morality and Politics (Indianapolis, 1988), Q. 90 A. 4. How to cite Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends, Essay examples

Organisational Devlopment Levels of Diagnosis free essay sample

It is pointless conducting diagnosis at the individual level, because most issues can be addressed at the organization and group level. Discuss. Within modern business practices continual evolution is essential for long term organisational outcomes. With economic pressures, a growing demand for perceptibly social and environmental responsibility and an increasingly focus towards international and worldwide trade, modern organizations are confronted with an almost constant need for change (Waddell, Cummings and Worley, 2007). Thus it is important for leaders to have a sound understanding of change issues and theories (Waddell, 2002). Organisational development (OD) is described as a systematic application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational structures, processes and strategies for improving organisational effectiveness (Waddell et al. , 2007). Diagnosis it an integral part of successful OD implementation and is performed on one or more levels including ‘individual’, ‘group’ and ‘organisational’ diagnosis. Thus for successful long term outcomes it is necessary to investigate the role of diagnosis within successful OD implementation, with a focus on ‘individual’ level diagnosis in contrast to both ‘group’ and ‘organisational’. Diagnosis within organisation development is described as an intervention that develops information about the various subsystems of an organisation as well as the patterns and processes that take part in an organisation (Beckhard, 1969). Similarly, Waddell et al. 2007) depict diagnosis as the process of understanding how the organisation is currently functioning, in order to successfully develop change intervention. Thus within modern firms this process develops insight for both the client and OD coordinator into the functioning and efficiency on individual, group and organisational levels. Aldefer and Brown (1975) suggest that the process of diagnosis also serves to motivate organisational members to engage in change. Nadler (1977) reinforces this, depicting that diagnosis provides employees or members with a direction for change. As such, diagnosis within OD has been described as the ‘key’ in developing successful interventions (Burton Obel, 2004). As well the diagnostic process is referred to as collaborative between OD consultant and client (Stacey, 2007), in which the two parties work together to develop action plans for effective change process. Waddell et al. (2007) reinforces this suggesting that the values and ethics that underlie OD suggest that both change agents and organisational members should be involved in developing and implementing appropriate interventions. Organisations, when viewed as open systems can be diagnosed as three levels, including organisation, group and individual (Waddell et al. , (2007). The highest level is the organisational level and includes the design of the organisations structure, strategy and processes. The next level consists of groups or departments within the organisational structure, including group design and interaction devices. The lowest level of organisational diagnosis is the individual level, including job design and personnel characteristics. Todnem (2005) suggest organisational diagnosis can occur at all three levels or it may be limited to problems that occur at a single level. For example, if there was a problem with output resulting from a single job design there would be only need for individual level diagnosis. Similarly Coghlan (1994) illustrates that the key to effective diagnosis is to know what to look for at each level, as well as how the levels affect each other. Waddel et al. (2007) depict the organisational level of diagnosis as the broadest systems perspective that is typically taken in diagnostic activities. This level focuses on the organisation against inputs such as the general environment and industry structure to achieve outputs such as performance, efficiency and stakeholder satisfaction through strategy and organisational design. Todnem (2005) suggests that design components within this level can also include HRM, culture and technology. Similarly the general environment can include a vast amount of extraneous variables including social, technological, economical, ecological and political (Stahl, 1997). Thus this level provides a broad basis for diagnosis within the largest environment. As such this level of diagnosis is most crucial when designing or redesigning action plans focused around the organisation as a whole. These strategies may include organisational goals and objectives, mission or organisational policies. (Waddell et al. (2007). Modern organizations are developing action plans in order to change practices to incorporate environmental and social responsibility. These plans and interventions designed at achieving change include organisational wide strategies, such as redesigning business infrastructure as well as changing major mission values/goals and policies within those companies. An example of integrating effective organisatinoal diagnosis is RIO TINTO’s continual development and change towards more sustainable, environmentally responsible mining processes in order for long term outcomes (RIO TINTO, 2010). Through external forces or inputs they developed and integrated various interventions to remodel major sectors within the firm completely. Thus developing and maintaining successful strategic design requires effective organisational diagnosis. The next level of diagnosis is group, and can apply to both larger operating division of firms such as BHP Billiton, or to smaller departments within organisations (Waddell et al. , 2007). Coghlan (1994) depicts that division or larger groups within such multinational firms generally follow the same dimension and relational fits applicable to organisational level development. Inversely Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that small departments and groups behave differently from larger divisions or organisations and thus require a suitable diagnostic model to reflect those dimensions. As such, group level diagnosis consists of organisational design as an input, resulting in outputs of team effectiveness through design components such as task structure, group functioning, performance norms, group composition and goal clarity. Stahl (1997) describes group diagnosis as relative to a small number of people working face to face on a shared task or program. Laser (1995) suggests supportive organisational design is crucial for effective groups to operate. Harrison and Shirom (1999) reinforce this depicting that group structure and components are highly interrelated to organisational wide strategy and design. Goal clarity is a major design component within group level diagnosis, and refers to how well the group understands its objectives. Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that goals should be understood by all members, moderately challenging, measurable, and monitored and, have structure for providing feedback of achievement. An example may include group targets for sales teams. Stahl (1997) illustrates that goal clarity is of crucial importance to successful group outcomes. Coghlan (1994) reinforces this depicting that clear goals provide motivation and direction to group dynamics. Group level diagnosis is considered a more specific approach to an internalized problem than organisational diagnosis and can include problem solving groups built for a specific function (Stahl, 1997). However organisational and group levels remain highly interrelated through organisational design. The lowest level of diagnosis is the individual job or position. Waddel et al. (2007) suggest that organisations are made up of numerous groups and in turn, those groups are composed of several positions. Callan (1993) depicts individual diagnosis as highly specified and dynamic. Similarily Stahl (1997) described the individual level diagnosis as having a minimal effect on the organization as a whole. As the individual level focuses on a single job design it requires a new model of job-level diagnosis (Waddell et al. , 2007). The inputs within this level are organisational design, group design and personnel characteristics, and the resulting outputs aimed at achieving are individual effectiveness, through performance, job satisfaction and individual development. The design components utilized to transform the inputs within this model are skill variety, task identity, autonomy, task significance and feedback about results. Coghlan (1994) suggests that effective feedback mechanisms are crucial to continual intervention and employee development. Feedback refers to the degree to which employees are provided with clear information about performance and effectives of their activities (Waddell et al. , 2007). Such mechanisms could include both formal and informal methods such as casual on the spot feedback or yearly performance appraisals. Conversely Callan (1993) depicts task significance as a major influence on outcomes within the individual level, suggesting that the level to which the employee’s job impacts on other people’s lives has a powerful affect on resulted outcomes. Individual level changes and restructuring can result in higher outcomes of individual’s position through higher individual interest and personnel investment in their jobs (Waddell et al. , 2007). As well higher productivity on an individual level transfers to more successful organisational outcomes, and thus benefits both the workers and the firm. The importance of diagnosis on an individual level can be relatively debatable dependent on organisational type, infrastructure and individual job function (Mclean, 2005). Individual level diagnosis relies on organisational design, group design and personal characteristics for transference into outputs (Waddle et al. 2007). Thus this job level is highly interrelated and dependent on the effectiveness of the design components of both organisational and group level. Hence, effective intervention development within the first two levels of diagnosis would result in a large proportion of successful outputs on an individual level (Harrison and Shirom, 1999). Conversely personal characteristics can include dynamic and uncontrollable extraneous variables which may result in a varied output on the job level. (Burton Obel, 2004). Thus in order to limit a varied result within output it may be necessary to conduct individual diagnosis of job design relevant to the specific problem or concern. As well Mclean (2005) emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction in relation to staff turnover in order for long term development and organisational outcomes. Waddel et al. (2007) reinforce this depicting a ‘two sided’ relationship between employee satisfaction and interest and the consequential favorable outcomes for the firm. Cobb (1986) illustrates that redesigning individual level jobs can be crucial for successful outcomes within specified problems. As well Beer and Spector (1993) suggest that the success of OD interventions rely heavily on the accuracy of diagnosis within organisations. Thus for a higher probability of favorable outcomes for developed interventions it is necessary to conduct diagnosis over all three levels. Organisational development is a critical process for both short and long term outcomes within modern business practice. With growing economic, social and environmental pressure, there is a greater need for organisational change than ever before. Successful OD is heavily reliant on the effectiveness of diagnosis within an organisation in order to develop appropriate interventions to develop change within the firm. All three levels of diagnosis within OD are important to developing effective mechanisms for change. Organisational diagnosis is more responsive to external influences and direct pressure for both social and environmental concerns. However both group and individual levels are highly interrelated with the success of change interventions and in particular the development of productivity and efficiency to provide support against the economic strain. Individual level diagnosis is highly interrelated within the other levels and as such may not be necessary within some OD applications.

In the Name of God free essay sample

Examines the politics and the religious fervor behind the seven major Crusades carried out in the middle ages. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of the Crusades, the military expeditions which Christians undertook from the eleventh to the thirteenth century to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. The author examines how and why Christian soldiers of the middle ages believed that the sole motive was to regain the Holy Land in the name of God, and the roles of key figures such as Richard the Lionheart and numerous church officials. Many Christians during the middle ages were eager to undertake violent challenges to fight for Gods cause. Their opportunity availed itself in the form of the Crusades. The Crusades can be defined as ?any of the military expeditions which Christians undertook from the eleventh to the thirteenth century to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. Between the years 1095 through 1291 Christian popes initiated these military attacks against the Muslim peoples who had taken over the holy city of Jerusalem and other places associated with the earthly life of Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Name of God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were seven major Crusades and although the Knights of Europe fought them with great passion, they can be considered a failure when one observes that the original goal was to regain the Holy Land .

Irish in Rural Ontario essays

Irish in Rural Ontario essays While there are many interesting topics that relate to pre-confederation Canada, the one I find appealing is the role that Irish settlers played in rural Ontario. In my opinion they played a great role in forming rural Ontarios identity and make-up and this leaves a great need to examine in what ways they did so. In my quest for knowledge on Irish settlement, I have come across several sources which will hopefully provide for me some answers. The first source available is called The Irish in Ontario: A study in rural history. This source will be a great starting point to see where exactly in Ontario the Irish fit in. It will be slightly more general than some of the other sources I will use, but will be of great use as background material. I will also use a second source as background information, this one being written by the Ontario ministry of culture and recreation and is called Ontario Ethnocultural Profiles: Irish. This source will also be valuable for background material as it is more of a government publication, lending insight into what the government viewed the Irishs role in Ontario as. The next two sources I am using take a look at specific areas in Ontario where the Irish settled. The first is called Montague: A social history of an Irish Ontario Township, and the second is called The Peter Robinson Settlement Of 1825, and talks about Irish settlement in the Peterborough area. These are important sources for my essay because they study specific areas where the Irish settled and will hopefully provide strong microcosms of the story of the Irish in Ontario. The final sources that I have looked at so far are profiles of actual Irish immigrants. One is Timothy Warren Anglin, 1822-96, Irish Catholic Canadian, and the second is a primary source in the form of a genealogy and is called The Descendants of Samuel Ferguson and Sarah Hooey, 1817-1965. These two sources will no doubt prove t ...

Accounting Business Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting Business Letter - Essay Example In this case the customer has a right to claim for injury and medical costs as well as rehabilitation costs according to the legal position of the customer who can claim for ‘tripping and slipping’. In this condition, a financial statement covering medical and injury costs as well as rehabilitation costs added to the financial report of the company should have been added. However the customer’s claims should be made within the financial year under consideration and if this has been done as is the case, you definitely have to be prepared for any kind of financial compensation and include the medical expenses of the client concerned and establish the amount that will have to be paid for any damages claim. You will have to include this in the miscellaneous section of your expenses or damage related costs. 2. Your second query is related to your understanding of AASB accounting standards that are based on International Financial Reporting Standards, and whether these are applicable in the current reporting period for your company which began on July 1, 2005. With your poor understanding of AASB standards, you have considerable doubts as to whether the current accounting standards as practised by your company's research and development unit is consistent with the new accounting standards as specified by the AASB accounting standards. Your query seems to be specifically valid for new accounting standards for research and development. Here is my response. The AASB accounting standards are equivalent to the IASB standards. This is the Australian version of accounting standards however some recent amendments have been made. However there are several exceptions to implementing new accounting standards for the current reporting period beginning July 2005 and all new accounting standards could be included in the next accounting period. Some of the clauses are given below as examples to aid your understanding. AASB 1 First-time Adoption of Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued in July 2004: Exemption from the requirement to provide comparative disclosures for AASB 6 In its first Australian-equivalents-to-IFRSs financial report, an entity that adopts Australian equivalents to IFRSs before 1 January 2006 need not present the disclosures required by AASB 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources for comparative periods (Accounting Standard, AASB 2004-1). This suggests that your company may be exempted from following new accounting standards till the next reporting period. 3. Let me now examine your third concern which is related to the fact that the market capitalization of Techno Ltd appears to be several times higher than the value of the net assets as reported. It is your belief that some of the major assets in your company are not being reported. You definitely consider that the highly innovative and trained programmers in your company are one of the greatest assets of your company, yet it is not being officially booked as an asset. Since a large amount of money is invested in developing a motivated and talented team of trained personnel which you are sure will add to intellectual capital in the future, you want to report your team of researchers as an asset. Apart from this, like your major rival company you also want to report goodwill and reputation in your balance